home Anil Madhavapeddy, Professor of Planetary Computing  

Updated preprint on quantifying biodiversity cost of food consumption / Feb 2025

We've uploaded a revised preprint on our ongoing work on quantifying the biodiversity cost of global food consumption, lead by Thomas Ball. This is based on the recently published LIFE metric, combined with supply chain data and provenance modeling. […196 words]

# 1st Feb 2025   iconpapers agriculture biodiversity climate conservation consumption extinctions food land-use preprint sensing supplychains

Disentangling carbon credits and offsets with contributions / Feb 2025

The terms carbon credits and carbon offsets are often used interchangeably, but are in fact two distinct concepts. I've spent a nice Sunday morning reading up on some recent articles that Bhaskar Vira sent me which introduce a third term, known as "carbon contributions". Rather than this adding confusion, I found it helped me clarify my own thoughts on the matter, which I note down here in draft form. (Update 7th Feb: I've revised this several times after many discussions this week, especially with David A Coomes and Srinivasan Keshav, with full list of credits in the end)   […3542 words]

# 12th Feb 2025   iconnotes carboncredits conservation economics forests nbs policy

Position paper on scientifically credible carbon credits (via 4C) / Jan 2025

My colleagues Thomas Swinfield and Eleanor Toye Scott lead the publication of a comprehensive report of the steps the voluntary carbon market needs to take to restore its scientific credibility, with input from many of us in 4C and beyond.

  • establishing common standards for carbon quantification and accounting, to cover additionality, leakage and permanence.
  • avoiding perverse incentives and align the motivations of all stakeholders with high-integrity outcomes. [...]
  • issuing all carbon credits based on trusted primary observations.
  • making all the data needed to reproduce carbon calculations available in standard file formats.
  • [...] reporting social and biodiversity dimensions of projects separately from carbon calculations.
  • integrating DMRV methods into carbon and biodiversity accounting standards to reduce the financial and administrative burdens on nature-based projects and the local communities participating in or affected by them.   […186 words]
# 30th Jan 2025   iconnotes carboncredits conservation economics nbs sensing

Updated preprint on LLMs for evidence-based decision support / Jan 2025

We have just updated our preprint on using LLMs for evidence decision support with more evaluation results and corrections from peer review.

Our findings suggest that, with careful domain-specific design, LLMs could potentially be powerful tools for enabling expert-level use of evidence syntheses and databases. However, general LLMs used "out-of-the-box" are likely to perform poorly and misinform decision-makers. By establishing that LLMs exhibit comparable performance with human synthesis experts on providing restricted responses to queries of evidence syntheses and databases, future work can build on our approach to quantify LLM performance in providing open-ended responses.

See also the fantastic EEG seminar talk that the student group who worked on this over the summer gave towards the end of last year.

# 1st Jan 2025   iconpapers ai biodiversity conservation evidence llms preprint

LIFE metric published in Royal Society Phil Trans B / Jan 2025

After some years of hard work, our Mapping LIFE on Earth biodiversity metric was published today in a special issue of the Royal Society Philosophical Transactions B! The idea behind LIFE is that although human-driven habitat loss is known to be the greatest cause of the biodiversity crisis, we do not yet have robust spatially explicit metrics that quantify the relative impacts of human actions on species extinctions. And that's what LIFE provides: a way to compare the relative impacts of some landuse anywhere in the world, in a manner that is globally applicable. […409 words]

# 1st Jan 2025   iconpapers aoh biodiversity conservation economics journal nature sdms sensing spatial

Horizon scan on AI and conservation published / Dec 2024

Back in July 2024, a large group of conservation and computer scientists got together in the CCI to prioritise the storm of AI-related projects that have been kicking off around the world. Our key goal was to harness AI to accelerate the positive impact of conservation efforts, while minimising harm caused through either the direct or indirect use of AI technologies.

The first horizon scan resulting from this has just been published in Trends in Ecology and Evolution. If you're looking for a gentle introduction to some of the terms in AI from a non-experts perspective, the first section does a good job of defining a glossary as well. […118 words]

# 1st Dec 2024   iconpapers ai biodiversity cci conservation evidence horizon journal

Published a legal perspective on high integrity forest carbon credits / Nov 2024

Sophie Chapman lead an effort to explore a novel legal framework for forest carbon credits that separates carbon tenure (i.e. title and associated property rights to the land and trees which store the carbon) from the carbon rights (i.e. title and associated rights to monetise and manage the credits which symbolically represent the carbon stored in the trees), while also specifying the relationship between the carbon tenure and the carbon rights.

The resulting paper has just been published in the Climate and Carbon Law Review journal, and is available as open access for your perusal.

# 1st Nov 2024   iconpapers carboncredits conservation forest journal landuse law legal nbs

Preprint on using LLMs to for evidence-based decision support / Nov 2024

We have just uploaded a preprint on using LLMs for conservation evidence, based on our work on large-scale crawling of the academic literature. Well done in particular to Radhika Iyer for having done the bulk of the evaluation on this as part of a very productive summer internship with us!

# 1st Jan 2025   iconpapers ai biodiversity conservation evidence llms preprint

Mapping greener futures with planetary computing / Oct 2024

I got invited by Sertaç Sehlikoglu to deliver a lecture to the Masters students down at the UCL Institute for Global Prosperity. I talked about the recent work on planetary computing, with an overview of the LIFE and FOOD papers.

# 25th Oct 2024   icontalks iconvideos biodiversity conservation food london sensing spatial systems

Royal Society meeting on ecological/commercial risks / Oct 2024

I'm at the Royal Society this morning for the 2 day programme on "How does ecological risk related to commercial risk?", and am reporting on the morning session. The full program is being livestreamed so please do dial in if the below notes seem interesting to you. I put this note up almost live, so any errors below are my own. (Update: partial day 2 notes now available below)   […6736 words]

# 4th Oct 2024   iconnotes conservation ecology economics livenotes royalsociety

Mitigating credit reversal risks in nature-based solutions / Sep 2024

Many of the questions around our recent Nature Sustainability commentary on NbS credits revolve around how to finance new projects if credible credits need to be ex-post. Our latest paper published in Carbon Management on "Mitigating risk of credit reversal in nature-based climate solutions by optimally anticipating carbon release" tries to address this.

The problem with selling ex-ante (future) carbon credits for (e.g.) a deforestation avoidance scheme is that project reversals can happen in the future ("deforestation has increased") thus rendering any credits issued previously useless. On the flip side though, an overly conservative view of the future ("the entire forest will disappear overnight!") is clearly so conservative that it doesn't serve the best interests of the project developer. So ideally, a project would make realistic but conservative ex-ante predictions that is safe for both project developer (who gets more funds upfront) and a carbon credit purchasers (who needs to account for impermanence of nature credits).

Our paper shows how to do this by calculating a "release schedule" to predict future drawdowns, and then issuing extra credits when the release at some future date is less than predicted by the release schedule. We use verified ex-post observations to construct these release schedules, and design them to bound the risk of the project becoming negative overall (that is, net drawdown is negative) and thus failing.   […355 words]

# 8th Sep 2024   iconnotes 4c carboncredits conservation economics forests nbs

Building species models of the planet / Sep 2024

I don't normally announce funded grants (preferring to focus on outcomes), but I'm really excited by this one and couldn't resist! Myself and my colleagues Srinivasan Keshav (from computer science), David A Coomes (from Plant Sciences), Andrew Balmford (from Zoology) and Neil Burgess (the Head of Science at UNEP-WCMC) have just received a £1.2m grant from the UKRI to work on building foundation models for planetary intelligence.

Now, normally a grant isn't news, but I wanted to highlight the scheme that it came under. UKRI announced an interdisciplinary program specifically for projects that don't normally get funded by just one research council. In our case, this work usually falls between the cracks of EPSRC ("too much nature") or NERC ("too much engineering") or STFC ("not enough satellites"). But this interdisciplinary program expressly assembled a panel across all these areas, and collectively gave us a shot. I really hope this scheme continues to gather steam within the UKRI.

As to what we're doing? There'll be the evolution of the work described in Remote Sensing of Nature and Mapping LIFE on Earth, with lots of domain knowledge that we're pulling together with our partners at UNEP-WCMC (especially Neil Burgess and Ian Ondo) on plant and animal species distributions across the globe.   […339 words]

# 2nd Sep 2024   iconnotes biodiversity conservation funding sdms sensing

PACT Tropical Moist Forest Accreditation Methodology / Aug 2024

We have just released the Tropical Moist Forest v2.1 specification, to follow up the now-expired v2.0 from six months ago. The key updates are a new high-level explainer, as well as clarifiations for buffer zones and base tiles.

# 1st Aug 2024   iconpapers carboncredits conservation forests nature pact preprint redd satellite

Nature Sustainability commentary on carbon and biodiversity credits / Aug 2024

Our commentary on nature-based credits has been published in Nature Sustainability, lead expertly by my colleagues Thomas Swinfield and Sophus zu Ermgassen.

In our view the carbon credits markets are vitally important for forest conservation, but the key is to only transact these credits after they have been proven to be demonstrably additional using robust statistical techniques, so that we know before a sale that each credit represents real gains that would not otherwise have occurred without the carbon finance.

A more scientific approach that supports transparent, third-party validation could absolutely transform these markets. And given the rapid rate of tropical forest loss, such upscaling of credibility is vitally necessary to raise investor confidence in protecting nature, since we can now be confident that every "credit" sold is resulting in real climate benefit. There are real questions remaining about this reform, of course.   […509 words]

# 15th Aug 2024   iconnotes biodiversity carboncredits conservation economics nbs

COMPASS 2024 report on the CoRE stack RIC meeting / Jul 2024

This is a trip report of ACM COMPASS 2024 held in New Delhi, which had a novel track of "Research to Impact Collaboratives" that drew me in. The general chair, Aadi Seth wrote a fantastic book on "Technology and Disempowerment" a few years ago, and he organised one RIC session on the CoRE Stack -- a climate adaptation stack for rural communities. This was a must-visit for me as it is closely related to the work we've been doing on Remote Sensing of Nature and Planetary Computing. The following notes are somewhat raw as they have only been lightly edited, but please refer to the more polished documents on the agenda for ACM COMPASS RIC and the overall CoRE Stack initiative on commoning technologies for resilience and equality

The conference itself was held at IIIT-D in New Delhi, right at the cusp of the monsoon season and after record-breaking temperatures. Luckily, as always, the hospitality and welcoming nature of New Delhi overrode all the climate discomfort!   […4361 words]

# 8th Jul 2024   iconnotes biodiversity conservation india livenotes sensing

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